Actes n°2 / (Faire) rire. Formes, manifestations et fonctions du rire dans les sociétés des Suds et des Orients

Le rire peut-il faire de la résistance ? Remarques sur l’emploi de l’humour chez les pêcheurs du littoral occitanophone

Première partie

Alice CHAMPOLLION

Résumé

Dans cet article, l’auteur cherche à savoir si le rire peut faire de la résistance, et contre quoi il résiste. En utilisant les données d'un corpus d’enquêtes dialectologiques sur les pêcheurs méditerranéens occitanophones, elle définit deux situations dans lesquelles apparaît une forme d’humour que l’on peut qualifier de résistant : celui utilisé par le pêcheur face au chercheur, et celui présent dans la littérature orale traditionnelle partagé par ce groupe socio-professionnel.

 

 

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<p><em>Par Alice Champollion&nbsp;</em></p> <p><em>LLACS &ndash; Universit&eacute; Paul-Val&eacute;ry Montpellier III</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1>Introduction&nbsp;&nbsp;</h1> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-top: 11px; margin-bottom: 23px; margin-left: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-style:normal">Lors de la journ&eacute;e d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes des doctorants du laboratoire LLACS de 2019 sur le th&egrave;me (Faire) Rire, nous avons pr&eacute;sent&eacute; une communication &agrave; deux avec Christian Dorques, doctorant en sociolinguistique occitane, sur les p&ecirc;cheurs de l&rsquo;&eacute;tang de Thau. Pour r&eacute;pondre au th&egrave;me des journ&eacute;es d&rsquo;&eacute;tude, nous avons choisi de poser la question&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;humour peut-il faire de la r&eacute;sistance&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;. C. Dorques constate que ces p&ecirc;cheurs constituent une communaut&eacute; fortement li&eacute;e, ce qui cr&eacute;e une culture dans le sens donn&eacute; par Rouquette (1992)&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;chaque fois que des gens ont ensemble un certain nombre de choses sues et une certaine fa&ccedil;on &agrave; peu pr&egrave;s commune de r&eacute;agir sur ces choses, il y a de la culture&nbsp;&raquo;, et que l&rsquo;humour peut servir de r&eacute;sistance face &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du m&eacute;tier qui attaque leur identit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Notre m&eacute;thodologie diff&egrave;re en ce que nous utilisons des extraits d&rsquo;entretiens r&eacute;alis&eacute;s sous le prisme de la dialectologie. Le corpus que nous &eacute;tudions contient plusieurs heures d&rsquo;enregistrements de p&ecirc;cheurs, anciens p&ecirc;cheurs ou personnes li&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;activit&eacute; maritime, &acirc;g&eacute;es entre 35 et 90 ans (mais la plupart ont entre 70 et 90 ans), dans 19 localit&eacute;s situ&eacute;es sur le littoral m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en occitanophone, entre Gruissan et Beaulieu-sur-Mer<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> r&eacute;alis&eacute;s entre 2016 et 2018. Le corpus se compose d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;tes semi-guid&eacute;es &agrave; questions ouvertes ayant et ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;es avec l&rsquo;objectif de documenter les variations dialectales de l&rsquo;occitan au sein du corps de m&eacute;tier des p&ecirc;cheurs et gens de mer. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; la question pos&eacute;e, nous avons relev&eacute; toutes les formes d&rsquo;humour enregistr&eacute;es lors de nos enqu&ecirc;tes qui s&rsquo;apparentent &agrave; cette &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;sistance&nbsp;&raquo; du groupe face &agrave; son environnement social telle que trait&eacute;e par Dorques. Nous avons laiss&eacute; de c&ocirc;t&eacute; la plupart des anecdotes personnelles sur des faits d&rsquo;enfance lorsqu&rsquo;elles ne concernent pas le milieu social de la p&ecirc;che. Deux formes d&rsquo;humour se d&eacute;tachent, que nous allons traiter dans cet article&nbsp;: l&rsquo;humour employ&eacute; par le locuteur face au chercheur et l&rsquo;humour du p&ecirc;cheur au sein de sa communaut&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="L+humour+du+p+cheur+face+au+chercheur" name="L+humour+du+p+cheur+face+au+chercheur">L&rsquo;humour du p&ecirc;cheur face au chercheur</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; certaines questions, les locuteurs utilisent parfois l&rsquo;ironie et l&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision. </span></span></p> <h2 id="L+ironie" name="L+ironie">L&rsquo;ironie</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;ironie peut &ecirc;tre employ&eacute;e afin de se moquer de certaines obligations administratives, pour d&eacute;noncer ou pour plaisanter. Les deux exemples qui suivent concernent des dipl&ocirc;mes ou licences &agrave; avoir pour p&ecirc;cher&nbsp;:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>&laquo;&nbsp;Per calar una capechada<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a></i><i>, cau aver lo bac maintenant&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; </i></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>(</i>Pour caler une <i>cap&eacute;chade</i>, il faut avoir le bac maintenant&nbsp;!)</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;[Cau passar lo dipl&ograve;ma] Medical 1<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a>, per sacher sauvar la vida dau matelot qu&rsquo;ai pas lo drech d&rsquo;aguer a b&ograve;rd&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></i> </span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;M&eacute;dical 1, pour savoir sauver la vie du matelot que je n&rsquo;ai pas le droit d&rsquo;avoir &agrave; bord&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;exemple qui suit est une r&eacute;action aux r&egrave;glementations et quotas mis en place par diff&eacute;rentes instances, peuvent mener &agrave; des situations &eacute;tonnantes. Le p&ecirc;cheur raconte avec une touche d&rsquo;humour que l&rsquo;Europe lui ach&egrave;te les anguilles qu&rsquo;ils remettent &agrave; la mer pour la reproduction de l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Enqu&ecirc;trice&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>E aquest an av&egrave;tz agut una b&ograve;na cala, o&hellip;</i> ?&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Et cette ann&eacute;e, vous avez eu une bonne cale, ou&hellip;&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Locuteur&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>N&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat quauques unas aquest an&nbsp;! N&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat quauques unas. Pas gaire de peis mais d&rsquo;anguilas n&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat quauques unas. </i></span><i><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qu&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat per l&rsquo;Eur&ograve;pa, que l&rsquo;Eur&ograve;pa apr&egrave;s nos las crompan per rebalan&ccedil;ar a la mar, per la reproduccion. </span></i><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[&hellip;] Ah&nbsp;! </span></i><i><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ah&nbsp;! Eh, es coma aqu&ograve;. Eh, qu&rsquo;av&egrave;m d&rsquo;argent en Eur&ograve;pa. </span></i><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ah&nbsp;! Ah&nbsp;!</span></i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;On en a p&ecirc;ch&eacute; quelques-unes cette ann&eacute;e&nbsp;! On en a p&ecirc;ch&eacute;. Pas beaucoup de poissons mais des anguilles on en a p&ecirc;ch&eacute; quelques-unes. On les a p&ecirc;ch&eacute;es pour l&rsquo;Europe, et l&rsquo;Europe apr&egrave;s nous les ach&egrave;tent pour les rebalancer &agrave; la mer, pour la reproduction. Ah&nbsp;! ah&nbsp;! C&rsquo;est comme &ccedil;a. Eh, c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;on a de l&rsquo;argent en Europe, ah, ah, ah&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mais cela ne concerne pas que le m&eacute;tier&nbsp;: lorsque nous demandions de signer une autorisation de diffusion des enregistrements dont nous avons besoin, plusieurs p&ecirc;cheurs ont r&eacute;pondu cet argument&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Enqu&ecirc;trice&nbsp;<i>:&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Pod&egrave;tz mi signar aqu&ograve;&nbsp;? </i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><i>(</i>&laquo;&nbsp;Pouvez-vous me signer ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Locuteur<i>&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Vau pas anar en preson&nbsp;? Ah, ah&nbsp;! Voil&agrave;. [&hellip;] Me portaretz d&rsquo;oranges se vau en preson&nbsp;! Ah, ah&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; </i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;Je ne vais pas aller en prison&nbsp;? Ah, ah&nbsp;! Voil&agrave;. [&hellip;]. Vous m&rsquo;apporterez des oranges si je vais en prison&nbsp;! Ah, ah&nbsp;!<i>&nbsp;</i>&raquo;).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align: center;"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_87_3_image-20200622153705-5.jpeg" style="width: 500px; height: 313px;" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[</span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Figure&nbsp;</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><strong>1]</strong> <i>Capechada</i> au bord de l&rsquo;&eacute;tang de l&rsquo;Or</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="L+autod+rision" name="L+autod+rision">L&rsquo;autod&eacute;rision</h2> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les p&ecirc;cheurs de notre corpus utilisent l&rsquo;autod&eacute;rision sur certaines th&eacute;matiques. L&rsquo;une d&rsquo;elle concerne les comp&eacute;tences linguistiques, puisque notre questionnaire contient la question&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;combien de langues parlez-vous&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;De mau a parlar lo franc&eacute;s, de mau a parlar lo patois.&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></i><i> </i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;Du</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> mal &agrave; parler le fran&ccedil;ais, du mal &agrave; parler le patois.&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il pr&eacute;tend mal parler alors qu&rsquo;il converse tout &agrave; fait ais&eacute;ment en fran&ccedil;ais et en occitan. &Agrave; Cannes, un p&ecirc;cheur nous d&eacute;crit son parler comme un vague m&eacute;lange&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Un pauc transformat&nbsp;: un pauc d&rsquo;aqu&iacute; un pauc d&rsquo;ai&agrave;, fa una bolhabaissa.&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;Un peu transform&eacute;&nbsp;: un peu de ci, de l&agrave;, &ccedil;a fait une bouillabaisse&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il est int&eacute;ressant de noter qu&rsquo;il utilise l&rsquo;ethnotype du m&eacute;ridional<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> pour d&eacute;crire le proven&ccedil;al, la bouillabaisse &eacute;tant en effet un plat bien typique de la r&eacute;gion. Ce p&ecirc;cheur ajoute d&rsquo;ailleurs ensuite que le m&eacute;tier de p&ecirc;cheur m&ecirc;me est typique puisque les touristes les observent&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;<i>Un pauc, venon, un pauc&nbsp;! Venon voir un peu lei pescaires, que siam derri&egrave;re les grilles, [&hellip;] nos balan&ccedil;an des cacahu&egrave;tes, eh, eh&nbsp;!</i>&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;un peu, ils viennent un peu&nbsp;! Ils viennent voir les p&ecirc;cheurs, car nous sommes derri&egrave;re les grilles, [&hellip;] ils nous balancent des cacahu&egrave;tes, eh, eh&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;&eacute;cole est un autre th&egrave;me sujet &agrave; l&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision, notamment chez les p&ecirc;cheurs les plus &acirc;g&eacute;s, mais quelques jeunes partagent &eacute;galement le sentiment de n&rsquo;&ecirc;tre pas faits pour les &eacute;tudes&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;On nous a fait faire des barres pendant une semaine. Ensuite on va faire des i. On n&rsquo;y est plus all&eacute;s&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;I si&aacute;u pas anat longtemps a l&rsquo;esc&ograve;la, m&rsquo;agrada pas&nbsp;! Ah, ah, ah.&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;y suis pas all&eacute; longtemps &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole, &ccedil;a ne me plait pas&nbsp;! Ah, ah, ah&nbsp;&raquo;).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&rsquo;autres, &agrave; la question &laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tes-vous all&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole&nbsp;&raquo;, ont r&eacute;pondu&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>oh, oh&nbsp;! Eraviam a l&rsquo;esc&ograve;la dei cancres&nbsp;!</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;oh, oh, nous &eacute;tions &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole des cancres&nbsp;&raquo;). Et son ami d&rsquo;ajouter plus s&eacute;rieusement&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>voei mas enfin, i anaviam a l&rsquo;esc&ograve;la quand m&egrave;ma</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;oui mais enfin, nous y allions &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole quand m&ecirc;me&nbsp;&raquo;). En effet, il convient de ne pas g&eacute;n&eacute;raliser ce rapport d&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. Un p&ecirc;cheur parmi les plus &acirc;g&eacute;s nous a indiqu&eacute; qu&rsquo;il a obtenu le certificat d&rsquo;&eacute;tude haut la main&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>si&aacute;u estat re&ccedil;auput eh, coma cal, un des primiers dal canton.&nbsp;</i>&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;ai &eacute;t&eacute; re&ccedil;u hein, comme il faut, un des premiers du canton&nbsp;&raquo;). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les p&ecirc;cheurs emploient donc l&rsquo;ironie pour critiquer des pratiques contraignantes &agrave; leur activit&eacute; professionnelle. Selon la gravit&eacute; du sujet d&eacute;nonc&eacute;, la forme d&rsquo;ironie et sa puissance critique varie, mais dans tous les cas elle prend le sens donn&eacute; par la psychologue Jos&eacute; Morel Cinq-Mars (2008), qui rattache l&rsquo;ironie <span style="background:#fafafa"><span style="color:#323232">au &laquo;&nbsp;<em>nonsense</em>, au pas de c&ocirc;t&eacute; et &agrave; l&rsquo;effet de surprise [qui] mettent en difficult&eacute; la pens&eacute;e format&eacute;e, celle qui pr&eacute;tend d&eacute;tenir un savoir enti&egrave;rement totalisable et entend imposer pour cette raison une gestion comptable des esprits et des c&oelig;urs.&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span> <span style="background:#fafafa"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#323232">&Agrave;</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> l&rsquo;inverse, l&rsquo;autod&eacute;rision utilis&eacute;e face au chercheur n&rsquo;appara&icirc;t donc pas comme une forme de r&eacute;sistance puisqu&rsquo;au contraire elle est utilis&eacute;e pour parler de soi en toute humilit&eacute;.</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="La+pratique+du+rire+du+p+cheur+au+sein+du+groupe+social+professionnel+de+la+p+che+" name="La+pratique+du+rire+du+p+cheur+au+sein+du+groupe+social+professionnel+de+la+p+che+">La pratique du rire du p&ecirc;cheur au sein du groupe social professionnel de la p&ecirc;che</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous allons &agrave; pr&eacute;sent &eacute;tudier l&rsquo;emploi de l&rsquo;humour du p&ecirc;cheur au sein de son groupe social, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire face aux p&ecirc;cheurs. Nous entendons par l&agrave; les d&eacute;monstrations de litt&eacute;rature orale, d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;humour p&ecirc;cheur&nbsp;&raquo;. Puisque &laquo;&nbsp;notre rire est toujours le rire d&rsquo;un groupe&nbsp;&raquo; et que &laquo; le rire cache une arri&egrave;re-pens&eacute;e d&rsquo;entente, je dirais presque complicit&eacute; avec d&rsquo;autres rieurs, r&eacute;els ou imaginaires &raquo;. &Agrave; l&rsquo;instar de (Bergson, 1950, p&nbsp;: 5) nous allons &eacute;tudier quelques facettes de l&rsquo;humour traditionnel p&ecirc;cheur. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="Surnoms" name="Surnoms">Surnoms</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Louis Michel&nbsp;(1964, p&nbsp;: 115-117) dans son &eacute;tude sur le parler des p&ecirc;cheurs du Golfe du Lion indique que les p&ecirc;cheurs utilisent beaucoup de surnoms par n&eacute;cessit&eacute;, pour simplement &eacute;viter les homonymies, mais aussi par&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;le go&ucirc;t de la couleur qui caract&eacute;rise la langue des p&ecirc;cheurs&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons demand&eacute; aux p&ecirc;cheurs s&rsquo;ils employaient des surnoms entre eux et avons ainsi collect&eacute; de nombreux surnoms. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il existe deux cat&eacute;gories de surnoms de personnes&nbsp;: les diminutifs de noms individuels (hypocoristiques), qui sont donn&eacute;s par les proches de la personne, et les sobriquets qui viennent de l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur et plut&ocirc;t moqueurs, grossissant un trait de caract&egrave;re ou physique. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">relev&eacute; les surnoms du corpus et les ai list&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;ordre alphab&eacute;tique afin de ne pas d&eacute;voiler leur origine, car&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>n&rsquo;i a que lo preni&aacute;n ben, n&rsquo;i a que lo preni&aacute;n mau</i>&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il y en a qui le prenaient bien, il y en a qui le prenaient mal&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Nous les avons ortographi&eacute;s de fa&ccedil;on intuitive et qui peut &ecirc;tre fausse car nous n&rsquo;avons pas toujours les r&eacute;f&eacute;rences n&eacute;cessaires pour transcrire ce patrimoine oral&nbsp;:</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Alain le gros, Alain le grand, l</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;Anguilon, Bachicha, Basene, Borroch, Boulet noir, la Buga (un poisson), La Chepa &laquo;&nbsp;<i>es un pescaire&nbsp;; perque son grand se sonava coma aqu&ograve;&nbsp;: Jep, Josep. A contunhat coma aqu&ograve;</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">C&rsquo;est un p&ecirc;cheur&nbsp;; parce qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;appelait comme &ccedil;a&nbsp;: Chep, Josep. &Ccedil;a a continu&eacute; comme &ccedil;a&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Chicha, Chonet &laquo;&nbsp;pichonet&nbsp;<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&raquo;, la Cigogne, Coq d&rsquo;&oelig;uf, Courte-botte &laquo;&nbsp;<i>pichona gamba</i>, (&laquo;&nbsp;petite jambe&nbsp;&raquo;) et son fr&egrave;re le grand&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;grande botte&nbsp;&raquo;, Cr&eacute;mier, Diable &laquo;&nbsp;avi&aacute; un pichon boc&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il avait un petit bouc&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Fajou, lo Frisat, Gilou, Gip (ces deux derniers sont les surnoms donn&eacute;s &agrave; un p&ecirc;cheur nomm&eacute; Gilbert), Giscl&eacute;, Grand miral, La Limpa, Maissa&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;il parle sans arr&ecirc;t&nbsp;&raquo;, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Malholet</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Marie las Alumetas, Marie Cailloux, Marie Cardinal, Marie Chameau, Marie N&ograve;i, Marie Pica-pola, Monina, Moust&egrave;que, N&eacute;n&eacute;, Pagadegun (qui ne paye jamais), Petit Cul, Pitan&ccedil;a, Plein phare, Pois chiche, lo Pomen, Radar &laquo;&nbsp;gr&ograve;ssas aurelhas&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">grosses oreilles&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Sabati&egrave;r &laquo;&nbsp;a una gr&ograve;ssa t&egrave;sta&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;il a une grosse t&ecirc;te&nbsp;&raquo;), Saquetoun &laquo;&nbsp;per de qu&eacute; &egrave;ra entassat&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">parce qu&rsquo;il &eacute;tait entass&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> , Teston, Tisana&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;il buvait pas que la limonade&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;, Tortusa (peut-&ecirc;tre qu&rsquo;il semblait tordu)&hellip; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_87_3_image-20200622153705-6.jpeg" style="width: 500px; height: 242px;" /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[Figure 2]</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le restaurant porte le surnom d&rsquo;un Joseph&nbsp;: la Tchepe</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">On remarque donc l&rsquo;utilisation de surnoms hypocoristiques tels que la Tchepe, que l&rsquo;on voit &eacute;crit ainsi sur le nom de ce restaurant &agrave; Bouzigues en figure 2<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. On trouve &eacute;galement les surnoms cr&eacute;&eacute;s par rapport au physique&nbsp;: lo Frisat (le fris&eacute;), Petit Cul, et les mots ajout&eacute;s pour &eacute;viter l&rsquo;homonymie comme tous ceux qui suivent les pr&eacute;noms Alain ou Marie.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La liste est donc longue et cela t&eacute;moigne de l&rsquo;usage encore tr&egrave;s courant de ces surnoms. Pr&eacute;cisons que fort souvent les locuteurs me r&eacute;pondaient &laquo;&nbsp;de surnoms&nbsp;? Ne mancam pas&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Des surnoms&nbsp;? On n&rsquo;en manque pas&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, suivi souvent d&rsquo;un rire. Un ancien p&ecirc;cheur nous a m&ecirc;me avou&eacute; qu&rsquo;il croyait que c&rsquo;&eacute;taient de vrais noms&nbsp;!</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="Chanson" name="Chanson">Chanson</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous n&rsquo;avions pas int&eacute;gr&eacute; de questions consacr&eacute;es aux chansons dans le questionnaire r&eacute;alis&eacute; pour guider les enqu&ecirc;tes. Mais certains p&ecirc;cheurs ont exprim&eacute; eux-m&ecirc;mes la volont&eacute; de chanter. L&rsquo;un d&rsquo;eux, &acirc;g&eacute;, t&eacute;moigne d&rsquo;une vie sociale intense dans le village&nbsp;notamment la participation aux f&ecirc;tes du village parfois au sein de la fanfare, d&rsquo;autres fois en patron p&ecirc;cheur. Il connait donc de nombreuses chansons de p&ecirc;cheurs, souvent humoristiques, grivoises, ou encore moqueuses&nbsp;: une femme de p&ecirc;cheur qu&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;&egrave;ra crassosa&nbsp;&raquo; (qui &eacute;tait crasseuse, sale) ou le douanier qui &eacute;tait d&eacute;test&eacute;&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:491px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="491"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La m&egrave;rda es un medicament,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Guer&iacute;s furoncles e mal d&#39;aurelhas.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Se quauque c&ograve;p n&#39;&egrave;res picat,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&#39;una rascassa o d&#39;una abelha.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Rende melhor pels agacins,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Ccedil;&ograve; que bondiu es veridic&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La m&egrave;rda es un bon medecin,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fa mai de [fem&nbsp;?] que de reliques.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Per te citar de cas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si&aacute;u pas dins l&#39;embarr&agrave;s&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">I avi&aacute; madama Berta,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">N&#39;i avi&aacute; un furoncle dins lo nas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Se ve? guerit amb de m&egrave;rda.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La merde est un m&eacute;dicament,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qui gu&eacute;rit furoncles et mal d&rsquo;oreilles.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si un jour tu te faisais piquer,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Par une rascasse ou une abeille.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Ccedil;a soulage les cors aux pieds,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce qui bon dieu est v&eacute;ridique&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La merde est un bon m&eacute;decin,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qui fait plus de&nbsp;[fumier&nbsp;?] que de reliques.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour te citer des cas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Je ne suis pas dans l&rsquo;embarras&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il y avait madame Berte,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Elle avait un furoncle dans le nez,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Elle a &eacute;t&eacute; gu&eacute;rie avec de la merde.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:13.0cm; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="491"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Egrave;res dins ton vilatge,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Que crebavas de fam.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un soli&egrave;r, una grolha,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Semblavas un mendiant,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ara dins la doana</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">V&ograve;s faire l&rsquo;important,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En frisant tas mostachas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Coma lo president</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tu &eacute;tais dans ton village,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">O&ugrave; tu crevais de faim.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un soulier, une savate,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tu ressemblais &agrave; un mendiant.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Maintenant dans la douane</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tu veux faire l&rsquo;important,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En frisant tes moustaches,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Comme le pr&eacute;sident.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align: left;"><br /> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les surnoms, chansons, mais aussi les proverbes sont autant de formes de litt&eacute;rature orale qui n&eacute;cessiteraient une &eacute;tude approfondie car cela int&eacute;resse fortement le patrimoine immat&eacute;riel des p&ecirc;cheurs traditionnels. On peut dire que cela participe &agrave; une r&eacute;sistance contre une mondialisation qui affecte les cultures locales, m&ecirc;me si ce concept un peu caricatural serait &agrave; pr&eacute;ciser dans le cadre d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude ethnologique par exemple.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="Conclusion" name="Conclusion">Conclusion</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le fil conducteur de l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;humour pour faire de la r&eacute;sistance&nbsp;&raquo; a donc mis en lumi&egrave;re plusieurs formes d&rsquo;humour. L&rsquo;ironie, qui permet de d&eacute;crire des &eacute;tats de fait au chercheur, d&eacute;noncer ou critiquer, est une forme de r&eacute;sistance, mais pas l&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision utilis&eacute;e pour parler de soi. Ensuite, en ce qui concerne l&#39;humour de groupe, on a vu que l&rsquo;on entre dans le cadre de la transmission orale traditionnelle. En effet, l&rsquo;utilisation des surnoms, la connaissance de chansons moqueuses se transmettent de p&egrave;re en fils, du retrait&eacute; au jeune, et ce, m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il a d&ucirc; passer le bac pour caler une <i>capechada</i>&nbsp;! On peut dire que c&rsquo;est &eacute;galement une forme de r&eacute;sistance face &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du m&eacute;tier.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="Bibliographie+" name="Bibliographie+">Bibliographie&nbsp;</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bergson, H. (1950). <em>Le rire. Essai sur la signification du comique</em>, Paris, Presses universitaires de France. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lafont, R. (1971). &laquo;&nbsp;Deux types ethniques&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>le Sud et le Nord, dialectique de la France</i>, Toulouse, Privat.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Michel, L. (1964). <i>La langue des p&ecirc;cheurs du Golfe du Lion</i>, Editions d&rsquo;Atray</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#323232">Morel Cinq-Mars</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#323232">, J. (2008).&nbsp;<em>Witz</em>, humour et ironie. R&eacute;sister au Ma&icirc;tre.&nbsp;<i>Che vuoi</i>, 30(2), 125-133. doi:10.3917/chev.030.0125.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Rouquette, Y. (1992). <i>S&egrave;te</i>. Toulouse, Privat. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mots-cl&eacute;&nbsp;: p&ecirc;che, occitan, rire, r&eacute;sister, m&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, littoral, traditionnel, linguistique </span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <h1>Notes</h1> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ce ne sont pas tout &agrave; fait les limites du littoral m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en occitanophone mais celles de notre corpus.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> La cap&eacute;chade est un filet fixe souvent utilis&eacute;e dans les &eacute;tangs. Une premi&egrave;re muraille appel&eacute;e <i>paladiera</i> accueille le poisson qui sera conduit ensuite dans trois poches et ainsi pi&eacute;g&eacute;. Le p&ecirc;cheur emploie l&rsquo;exag&eacute;ration pour se moquer de la r&eacute;glementation jug&eacute;e inadapt&eacute;e. &laquo;&nbsp;Caler une capechada&nbsp;&raquo; signifie le moment o&ugrave; le p&ecirc;cheur installe le filet dans l&rsquo;&eacute;tang.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le m&eacute;dical 1 est la certification de premier niveau n&eacute;cessaire aux patrons p&ecirc;cheurs pour &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute; &agrave; embarquer d&rsquo;autres personnes sur le bateau.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> En Provence c&rsquo;est autour du f&eacute;librige et surtout des auteurs francophones Daudet et Pagnol que l&rsquo;ethnotype du proven&ccedil;al se diffuse, que Robert Lafont d&eacute;crit ainsi&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;le Proven&ccedil;al est &eacute;ternellement de loisir, devant son &laquo;&nbsp;pastis&nbsp;&raquo;. Il occupe le temps que lui laisse son inaction &agrave; un jeu maniaque de h&acirc;bleries. &Agrave; d&eacute;faut de la langue refoul&eacute;e, le signe ethnique galvaud&eacute;, l&rsquo;accent grossi, syst&eacute;matis&eacute; ne manque jamais &agrave; une c&eacute;r&eacute;monie. Car il s&rsquo;agit bien d&rsquo;une c&eacute;r&eacute;monie, dans la psychologie nationale. Une exorcisation rituelle, par le rire, de l&rsquo;Occitanie historique. Les Proven&ccedil;aux y sont convi&eacute;s et, se faisant de leur ali&eacute;nation un tr&eacute;teau de foire, ils r&eacute;ussissent fort bien&nbsp;&raquo; (Lafont, 1971&nbsp;: 134).</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Diminutif de petit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">On peut observer la graphie phon&eacute;tique qui d&eacute;voile un trait typique du parler occitan autour de l&rsquo;&eacute;tang de Thau o&ugrave; la fricative [ʒ] se prononce [ʧ]</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>

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